![]() 3 State‑level attribution for a cyberattack is rare, but, significantly, in December 2017 the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Japan all formally attributed the attack to North Korea. Though media reports indicate that some 300,000 systems were affected worldwide, no Canadian organization publicly acknowledged having been infected. Fedex Corporation were among the organizations infected by WannaCry. At least 16 hospitals in the United Kingdom, Spain's largest telecommunications provider, Telefónica, and the U.S. Ransomware encrypts a victim machine's files, rendering them useless until a ransom is paid to the attacker, usually in bitcoins. On 12 May 2017, ransomware dubbed “WannaCry” explosively came to life, self‑propagating through networks and encrypting data on computers in some 150 countries. Though the resulting blackout was of a shorter duration, the implications were clear: the attackers had control over Ukraine's power grid and could shut it down at will. This time, the attack was not against substations further down the distribution chain but on a major transmission station in Kyiv. 1Ī little under a year later, on 18 December 2016, Ukraine's power grid was attacked once more. Unofficially, blame was placed on a Russian hacker group known as “Sandworm” (after a creature in Frank Herbert's Dune novels references to the fictional planets in those novels were embedded in the software code of the group's attack tools). Subsequent analysis showed that the computers used in the attack all appeared to be located in the Russian Federation. On 23 December 2015, substations of at least three major power companies in Ukraine were systematically attacked, temporarily disrupting power supply to almost a quarter of a million Ukrainian consumers. The following are a few recent international and domestic cyber events that have been selected to characterize aspects of the current threat landscape. Finally, it touches on some of the international initiatives that have been undertaken to enhance cybersecurity. Starting with a quick overview of some of the types of cyberthreats confronting Canada and its allies, this paper examines how Canada defines cybersecurity and considers the many human, technical, economic and political factors that make achieving cybersecurity so difficult. ![]()
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